RNA Sequencing of Urine-Derived Cells for the Characterization and Diagnosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

DNA sequencing is a reliable tool for identifying genetic variants in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) but cannot always establish pathogenicity, particularly in variants altering splicing. RNA sequencing can provide functional evidence of the effect of a variant on the transcript but requires cells expressing the relevant genes. Here, we used urine-derived cells (UDC) to characterize genetic variants in patients with suspected or confirmed OI and provide evidence on the pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Urine samples were obtained from 45 children and adolescents; UDC culture was successful in 40 of these participants (age range 4-20 years, 21 females), including 18 participants with OI or suspected OI who had a candidate variant or VUS on DNA sequencing. RNA was extracted from UDC and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq550 device. Principal component analysis showed that the gene expression profiles of UDC and fibroblasts (based on Genotype Tissue Expression [GTEx] Consortium data) clustered close together and had less variability than those of whole blood cells. Transcript abundance was sufficient for analysis by RNA sequencing (defined as a median gene expression level of ≥10 transcripts per million) for 25 of the 32 bone fragility genes (78%) that were included in our diagnostic DNA sequencing panel. These results were similar to GTEx data for fibroblasts. Abnormal splicing was identified in 7 of the 8 participants with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the splice region or deeper within the intron. Abnormal splicing was also observed in 2 VUS (COL1A1 c.2829+5G>A and COL1A2 c.693+6T>G), but no splice abnormality was observed in 3 other VUS. Abnormal deletions and duplications could also be observed in UDC transcripts. In conclusion, UDC are suitable for RNA transcript analysis in patients with suspected OI and can provide functional evidence for pathogenicity, in particular of variants affecting splicing. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Effect of sclerostin inactivation in a mouse model of severe dominant osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare bone disease that is associated with fractures and low bone mass. Sclerostin inhibition is being evaluated as a potential approach to increase bone mass in OI. We had previously found that in Col1a1Jrt/+ mice, a model of severe OI, treatment with an anti-sclerostin antibody had a minor effect on the skeletal phenotype. In the present study, we assessed the effect of genetic sclerostin inactivation in the Col1a1Jrt/+ mouse. We crossed Col1a1Jrt/+ mice with Sost knockout mice to generate Sost-deficient Col1a1Jrt/+ mice and assessed differences between Col1a1Jrt/+ mice with homozygous Sost deficiency and Col1a1Jrt/+ mice with heterozygous Sost deficiency. We found that Col1a1Jrt/+ mice with homozygous Sost deficiency had higher body mass, femur length, trabecular bone volume, cortical thickness and periosteal diameter as well as increased biomechanical parameters of bone strength. Differences between genotypes were larger at the age of 14 weeks than at 8 weeks of age. Transcriptome analysis of RNA extracted from the tibial diaphysis revealed only 5 differentially regulated genes. Thus, genetic inactivation of Sost increased bone mass and strength in the Col1a1Jrt/+ mouse. It appears from these observations that the degree of Sost suppression that is required for eliciting a beneficial response can vary with the genetic cause of OI.

Epidemiology, aetiology, interventions and genomics in children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: protocol for a multisite registry.

INTRODUCTION: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is an umbrella term including hundreds of conditions with the common clinical manifestation of multiple congenital contractures. AMC affects 1 in 3000 live births and is caused by lack of movement in utero. To understand the long-term needs of individuals diagnosed with a rare condition, it is essential to know the prevalence, aetiology and functional outcomes in a large sample. The development and implementation of a multicentre registry is critical to gather this data. This registry aims to improve health through genetic and outcomes research, and ultimately identify new therapeutic targets and diagnostics for treating children with AMC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Participants for the AMC registry will be recruited from seven orthopaedic hospitals in North America. Enrollment occurs in two phases; Part 1 focuses on epidemiology, aetiology and interventions. For this part, retrospective and cross-sectional data will be collected using a combination of patient-reported outcomes and clinical measures. Part 2 focuses on core subset of the study team, including a geneticist and bioinformatician, identifying causative genes and linking the phenotype to genotype via whole genome sequencing to identify genetic variants and correlating these findings with pedigree, photographs and clinical information. Descriptive analyses on the sample of 400 participants and logistic regression models to evaluate relationships between outcomes will be conducted. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been granted from corresponding governing bodies in North America. Dissemination of findings will occur via traditional platforms (conferences, manuscripts) for the scientific community. Other modalities will be employed to ensure that all stakeholders, including youth, families and patient support groups, may be provided with findings derived from the registry. Ensuring the findings are circulated to a maximum amount of interested parties will ensure that the registry can continue to serve as a platform for hypothesis-driven research and further advancement for AMC.

Dominant osteogenesis imperfecta with low bone turnover caused by a heterozygous SP7 variant.

Mutations in SP7 (encoding osterix) have been identified as a rare cause of recessive osteogenesis imperfecta ('OI type XII') and in one case of dominant juvenile Paget's disease. We present the first description of young adult siblings with OI due to a unique heterozygous mutation in SP7. The phenotype was characterized by fragility fractures (primarily of the long bone diaphyses), poor healing, scoliosis, and dental malocclusion. Both siblings had very low cortical volumetric bone mineral density on peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the radius (z-scores -6.6 and - 6.7 at the diaphysis), porous cortices, and thin cortices at the radial metaphysis. Histomorphometry demonstrated thin cortices and low bone turnover with reduced osteoblast function. Both siblings were heterozygous for a missense variant affecting a highly conserved zinc finger domain of osterix (c.1019A > C; p.Glu340Ala) on DNA sequencing. Co-transfection of plasmids carrying the SP7 mutation with DLX5 and a luciferase reporter demonstrated that this variant impacted gene function (reduced transcription co-activation compared to wild-type SP7). The low cortical density and cortical porosity seen in our patients are consistent with previous reports of individuals with SP7 mutations. However, the low bone turnover in our patients contrasts with the high turnover state seen in previously reported patients with SP7 mutations. This report indicates that dominant variants in SP7 can give rise to OI. The predominant feature, low cortical density, is common in patients with other SP7 mutations, however other features appear to depend on the specific variant.

The Clinical and Genotypic Spectrum of Scoliosis in Multiple Pterygium Syndrome: A Case Series on 12 Children.

BACKGROUND: Multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) is a genetically heterogeneous rare form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita characterized by joint contractures and webbing or pterygia, as well as distinctive facial features related to diminished fetal movement. It is divided into prenatally lethal (LMPS, MIM253290) and nonlethal (Escobar variant MPS, MIM 265000) types. Developmental spine deformities are common, may present early and progress rapidly, requiring regular fo llow-up and orthopedic management. METHODS: Retrospective chart review and prospective data collection were conducted at three hospital centers. Molecular diagnosis was confirmed with whole exome or whole genome sequencing. RESULTS: This case series describes the clinical features and scoliosis treatment on 12 patients from 11 unrelated families. A molecular diagnosis was confirmed in seven; two with MYH3 variants and five with CHRNG. Scoliosis was present in all but our youngest patient. The remaining 11 patients spanned the spectrum between mild (curve ≤ 25°) and malignant scoliosis (≥50° curve before 4 years of age); the two patients with MYH3 mutations presented with malignant scoliosis. Bracing and serial spine casting appear to be beneficial for a few years; non-fusion spinal instrumentation may be needed to modulate more severe curves during growth and spontaneous spine fusions may occur in those cases. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular diagnosis and careful monitoring of the spine is needed in children with MPS.

Calvaria Bone Transcriptome in Mouse Models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a bone fragility disorder that is usually caused by mutations affecting collagen type I. We compared the calvaria bone tissue transcriptome of male 10-week-old heterozygous Jrt (Col1a1 mutation) and homozygous oim mice (Col1a2 mutation) to their respective littermate results. We found that Jrt and oim mice shared 185 differentially expressed genes (upregulated: 106 genes; downregulated: 79 genes). A total of seven genes were upregulated by a factor of two or more in both mouse models (Cyp2e1, Slc13a5, Cgref1, Smpd3, Ifitm5, Cthrc1 and Rerg). One gene (Gypa, coding for a blood group antigen) was downregulated by a factor of two or more in both OI mouse models. Overrepresentation analyses revealed that genes involved in 'ossification' were significantly overrepresented among upregulated genes in both Jrt and oim mice, whereas hematopoietic genes were downregulated. Several genes involved in Wnt signaling and transforming growth factor beta signaling were upregulated in oim mice, but less so in Jrt mice. Thus, this study identified a set of genes that are dysregulated across various OI mouse models and are likely to play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disorder.

Muscle transcriptome in mouse models of osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable connective tissue disorder that is most often caused by mutations in collagen type I encoding genes. Even though bone fragility is the most conspicuous finding in OI, the muscle system is also affected. In the present study we explored the muscle phenotype related to collagen type I mutations on the transcriptome level. RNA sequencing was performed in gastrocnemius muscles of homozygous oim mice and of heterozygous Jrt mice, two models of severe OI. We found that oim and Jrt mice shared 27 differentially expressed genes, of which 11 were concordantly upregulated and 15 concordantly downregulated. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that in both oim and Jrt mice, genes involved in 'metabolism of lipids' were significantly enriched among upregulated genes. In addition, several genes coding for extracellular matrix components were upregulated in both oim and Jrt mice. Among downregulated genes, genes involved in 'muscle contraction' were enriched in both OI mouse models. These 'muscle contraction' genes coded for slow-twitch type I muscle fiber components. Another shared downregulated gene was Mss51, a metabolic stress-inducible factor that is found in mitochondria. These data show that two mouse models of severe OI share abnormalities in the expression of genes that code for extracellular matrix proteins, lipid and energy metabolism and structural proteins of type I muscle fibers. The muscle disturbances resulting from the collagen type I mutations in these mouse models could be viewed as a mild form of muscle dystrophy.

Musculoskeletal phenotype in two unrelated individuals with a recurrent nonsense variant in SGMS2.

Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the sphingomyelin synthase 2, SGMS2, have recently been linked to childhood-onset osteoporosis and skeletal dysplasia. One nonsense variant at position c.148C>T (p.Arg50*) has been associated with mild bone fragility with or without cranial sclerosis. Here we assessed the effect of the SGMS2 p.Arg50* variant in two unrelated probands with childhood-onset osteoporosis and their unaffected family members. We found that the p.Arg50* variant was associated with phenotypic variability, ranging from absence of a bone phenotype to severe vertebral compression fractures and low lumbar spine areal bone mineral density (BMD) as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the radius and tibia in the two probands revealed low cortical volumetric BMD and reduced cortical thickness. In addition, both probands were obese and suffered from muscle function deficits compared to sex- and age-matched controls. Long-term bisphosphonate treatment was associated with reshaping of previously compressed vertebral bodies.

Increased Burden of Common Risk Alleles in Children With a Significant Fracture History.

Extreme presentations of common disease in children are often presumed to be of Mendelian etiology, but their polygenic basis has not been fully explored. We tested whether children with significant fracture history and no osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are at increased polygenic risk for fracture. A childhood significant fracture history was defined as the presence of low-trauma vertebral fractures or multiple long bone fractures. We generated a polygenic score of heel ultrasound-derived speed of sound, termed "gSOS," which predicts risk of osteoporotic fracture. We tested if individuals from three cohorts with significant childhood fracture history had lower gSOS. A Canadian cohort included 94 children with suspected Mendelian osteoporosis, of which 68 had negative OI gene panel. Two Finnish cohorts included 59 children with significant fracture history and 22 with suspected Mendelian osteoporosis, among which 18 had no OI. After excluding individuals with OI and ancestral outliers, we generated gSOS estimates and compared their mean to that of a UK Biobank subset, representing the general population. The average gSOS across all three cohorts (n = 131) was -0.47 SD lower than that in UK Biobank (n = 80,027, p = 1.1 × 10-5 ). The gSOS of 78 individuals with suspected Mendelian osteoporosis was even lower (-0.76 SD, p = 5.3 × 10-10 ). Among the 131 individuals with a significant fracture history, we observed 8 individuals with gSOS below minus 2 SD from the mean; their mean lumbar spine DXA-derived bone mineral density Z-score was -1.7 (SD 0.8). In summary, children with significant fracture history but no OI have an increased burden of common risk alleles. This suggests that a polygenic contribution to disease should be considered in children with extreme presentations of fracture. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

ALPL mutations in adults with rheumatologic disorders and low serum alkaline phosphatase activity.

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALP), encoded by ALPL, is important for bone homeostasis and interacts with collagen type I. In the present study, we sequenced ALPL and a panel of collagen type I-related genes in 24 adults (age 22-80 years; 20 female) with persistently low serum ALP (< 40 U/L) and a range of rheumatologic symptoms. We found heterozygous pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in ALPL in 14 (58%) of these individuals. In addition, 7 study participants had potentially damaging heterozygous variants of uncertain significance in genes related to collagen type I. Patients who were positive for ALPL variants had similar age and serum ALP levels to patients in whom no ALPL variants were detected, but had higher serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations (median 214 nmol/L vs. 64 nmol/L; p = 0.02; U test). In summary, heterozygous ALPL variants are frequent in individuals with rheumatologic symptoms and low ALP serum activity. It is possible that variants in genes that are involved in collagen type I production have a modifying effect on the clinical consequences of such ALPL variants.

Novel WNT1 mutations in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Clinical and functional characterization.

INTRODUCTION: Biallelic mutations in WNT1 can give rise to a rare form of moderate to severe OI. Here we report on 12 children (age 2 to 16 years; 5 girls) with biallelic WNT1 mutations. METHODS: Genomic DNA was analyzed either by targeted next-generation sequencing or Sanger sequencing. Mutations were modeled on the WNT1 protein structure. The in vitro functional effect of WNT1 mutations on WNT signaling was assessed in HEK293 cells using the topflash reporter assay system. RESULTS: All patients had lower extremity deformities and vertebral compression fractures. Seven individuals had upper extremity deformities. Intellectual development appeared normal in 11 children, but was clearly impaired in a 3-year old boy. Ptosis was noted in 7 patients. Height z-scores varied widely, from -7.2 to +1.5. A total of 11 disease-causing WNT1 variants (7 missense mutations, 4 mutations leading to premature termination codons) were identified, of which 9 were novel. Three-dimensional protein modeling suggested that each of the missense mutations led to structural modifications. Functional in vitro studies revealed that all observed missense mutations led to decreased ability of WNT1 to induce WNT signaling via the canonical WNT pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The reported biallelic WNT1 variants cause loss of WNT1 function and lead to a severe bone fragility phenotype with conspicuous involvement of the spine.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type VI in Individuals from Northern Canada.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type VI is a recessively inherited form of OI that is caused by mutations in SERPINF1, the gene coding for pigment-epithelium derived factor (PEDF). Here, we report on two apparently unrelated children with OI type VI who had the same unusual homozygous variant in intron 6 of SERPINF1 (c.787-10C>G). This variant created a novel splice site that led to the in-frame addition of three amino acids to PEDF (p.Lys262_Ile263insLeuSerGln). Western blotting showed that skin fibroblasts with this mutation produced PEDF but failed to secrete it. Both children were treated with intravenous bisphosphonates, but the treatment of Individual 1 was switched to subcutaneous injections of denosumab (dose 1 mg per kg body weight, repeated every 3 months). An iliac bone sample obtained after 5 denosumab injections (and 3 months after the last injection) showed no change in the increased osteoid parameters that are typical of OI type VI, but the number of osteoclasts in trabecular bone was markedly increased. This suggests that the effect of denosumab on osteoclast suppression is of shorter duration in children with OI type VI than what has previously been reported on adults with osteoporosis.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I Caused by COL1A1 Deletions.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type I is usually caused by COL1A1 stop or frameshift mutations, leading to COL1A1 haploinsufficiency. Here we report on 12 individuals from 5 families who had OI type I due to an unusual cause­heterozygous deletions of the entire COL1A1 gene. The deletions were initially detected by semiconductor-based sequencing of genomic DNA and confirmed by quantitative PCR. Array comparative genomic hybridization in DNA of the index patient in each family showed that deletion size varied from 18.5 kb to 2.23 Mb between families, encompassing between 1 and 47 genes (COL1A1 included). The skeletal phenotype of the affected individuals was similar to that of patients with haploinsufficiency caused by COL1A1 stop or frameshift mutations. However, one individual with a deletion that included also DLX3 and DLX4 had tooth discoloration and bone fragility. Three individuals from 2 families had deletions that included also CACNA1G, and these individuals had learning disabilities. These features are not usually observed in COL1A1 haploinsufficiency, but are in accordance with previously described individuals in whom deletions included the same genes. In summary, we found deletions of COL1A1 in 5 out of 161 families (3 %) with OI type I that were evaluated. Deletions encompassing not only COL1A1 but also neighboring genes can lead to contiguous gene syndromes that may include dental involvement and learning disability.

Glyceryl trinitrate metabolism in the quail embryo by the glutathione S-transferases leads to a perturbation in redox status and embryotoxicity.

Exposure of stage 9 quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) induces malformations that were associated in previous studies with an increase in protein nitration. Increased nitration suggests metabolism of GTN by the embryo. The goals of this study were to characterize the enzymes and co-factors required for GTN metabolism by quail embryos, and to determine the effects of in ovo treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione (GSH), on GTN embryotoxicity. GTN treatment of quail embryos resulted in an increase in nitrite, a decrease in total GSH, and an increase in the ratio of NADP(+)/NADPH, indicating that redox balance may be compromised in exposed embryos. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) purified from the whole embryo (K(m) 0.84 mM; V(max) 36 µM/min) and the embryonic eye (K(m) 0.20 mM; V(max) 30 µM/min) had GTN-metabolizing activity (1436 and 34 nmol/min/mg, respectively); the addition of ethacrynic acid, an inhibitor of GST activity, decreased GTN metabolism. Peptide sequencing of the GST isozymes indicated that alpha- or mu-type GSTs in the embryo and embryonic eye had GTN metabolizing activity. NAC co-treatment partially protected against the effects of GTN exposure. Thus, GTN denitration by quail embryo GSTs may represent a key initial step in the developmental toxicity of GTN.

Developmental toxicity of glyceryl trinitrate in quail embryos.

BACKGROUND: Although glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is used extensively to treat angina and heart failure, little is known about its effects on the conceptus during organogenesis. The goal of these studies was to investigate the effects of GTN in a model organism, the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryo. METHODS: To identify the effects of GTN on quail embryo development, fertilized quail eggs (n = 10-12 eggs/group) were injected with GTN (0, 4.4, 44, or 440 µM) at Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stage 0, 9, or 19 and examined 7 days later. Next, HH 9 embryos were injected with GTN (0, 0.88, 4.4, 8.8, 44, 88, and 440 µM, in 20 µL per egg) and examined 24-hours, 48-hours, or 72-hours postinjection. Finally, the developing eye on one side was exposed to GTN (44 µM) ex ovo and the tissue was probed for the presence of nitrated proteins. RESULTS: In ovo GTN exposure induced a dose-dependent increase in the number of malformed viable quail embryos with a maximal effect in HH 9 embryos. Microphthalmia, craniofacial, heart, and neural tube defects were elevated in GTN-exposed embryos. An increase in nitrated proteins was observed in the developing eye region of embryos exposed ex ovo to GTN. CONCLUSIONS: GTN treatment induced a variety of malformations in quail embryos. The presence of nitrated proteins suggests that organic nitrates, such as GTN, generate reactive nitrogen species. We hypothesize that GTN perturbations in the redox status of the embryo may underlie its developmental toxicity.

Phytotoxicity of nitroaromatic energetic compounds freshly amended or weathered and aged in sandy loam soil.

The toxicities of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) to terrestrial plants alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Japanese millet (Echinochloa crusgalli L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were determined in Sassafras sandy loam soil using seedling emergence, fresh shoot, and dry mass measurement endpoints. A 13-week weathering and aging of energetic materials in soils, which included wetting and drying cycles, and exposure to sunlight of individual soil treatments, was incorporated into the study design to better reflect the soil exposure conditions in the field than toxicity determinations in freshly amended soils. Definitive toxicity tests showed that dinitrotoluenes were more phytotoxic for all plant species in freshly amended treatments based on EC20 values for dry shoot ranging from 3 to 24mgkg(-1) compared with values for TNB or TNT ranging from 43 to 62mgkg(-1). Weathering and aging of energetic materials (EMs) in soil significantly decreased the toxicity of TNT, TNB or 2,6-DNT to Japanese millet or ryegrass based on seedling emergence, but significantly increased the toxicity of all four EMs to all three plant species based on shoot growth. Exposure of the three plant species to relatively low concentrations of the four compounds initially stimulated plant growth before the onset of inhibition at greater concentrations (hormesis).

In vitro degradation of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) by cytosolic enzymes of Japanese quail and the rabbit.

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a polycyclic nitramine explosive and propellant, currently being considered as a potential replacement for existing cyclic nitramine explosives. Earlier studies have provided evidence suggestive of adverse liver effects in adult Coturnix spp. exposed to CL-20, yet analysis of tissue samples (plasma, liver, brain, heart, or spleen) indicated that CL-20 was not detectable in these treated animals. The present study was conducted to identify and purify the enzymes capable of CL-20 biotransformation. Results indicate that the hepatic biotransformation of CL-20 in vitro was inhibited by ethacrynic acid (93%) and by the glutathione (GSH) analogue S-octylglutathione (80%), suggesting the involvement of glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Partially purified cytosolic alpha- and mu-type GST (requiring presence of GSH as a cofactor) from quail and rabbit liver was capable of CL-20 biotransformation. The degradation of CL-20 (0.30 +/- 0.05 and 0.40 +/- 0.02 nmol/min/mg protein for quail and rabbit, respectively) was accompanied with the formation of nitrite and consumption of GSH. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we detected two intermediates, that is, open-ring, monodenitrated GSH-conjugated CL-20 biotransformation product with the same deprotonated molecular mass ion at 699 Da, suggesting isomeric forms of the intermediate metabolites. Identity of the conjugated metabolites was confirmed by using ring-labeled [15N]CL-20 and the nitro group-labeled [15NO2]CL-20. These data suggest that the in vitro biotransformation of CL-20 by GST under the conditions tested may be a key initial step in the in vivo degradation of CL-20 in the quail and resulted in the formation of more biologically reactive intermediates than the parent compound. These data will aid in our understanding of the biotransformation processes of CL-20 in vivo.

Toxicity assessment of contaminated soils from an antitank firing range.

Explosives are released into the environment at production and processing facilities, as well as through field use. These compounds may be toxic at relatively low concentrations to a number of ecological receptors. A toxicity assessment was carried out on soils from an explosive-contaminated site at a Canadian Forces Area Training Center. Toxicity studies on soil organisms using endpoints such as microbial processes (potential nitrification activity, dehydrogenase activity, substrate-induced respiration, basal respiration), plant seedling and growth (Lactuca sativa and Hordeum vulgare), and earthworm (Eisenia andrei) growth and reproduction were carried out. Results showed that 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) was the principal polynitro-organic compound measured in soils. Soils from the contaminated site decreased microbial processes and earthworm reproduction; whereas plant growth was not significantly reduced. Toxicity to aquatic organisms and genotoxicity were also assessed on soil elutriates using Microtox (Vibrio fischeri), growth inhibition of algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), and SOS Chromotest (Escherichia coli). Results indicated that soil elutriates were generally not toxic to bacteria (Microtox) and algae. However, genotoxicity was found in a number of soil elutriate samples. Thus, the explosive-contaminated soils from the antitank firing range may represent a hazard for the soil organisms. Nevertheless, the global toxicity might have partially resulted from HMX as well as from other (not identified) contaminants such as heavy metals.